WHO position paper on typhoid vaccines, August 2026

Overview

In recent years, there have been important developments in the field of typhoid fever, including updated estimates of disease incidence and burden, new evidence on the effectiveness and population impact of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) following their introduction in several countries, and data on the duration of protection conferred by a single dose, including how duration of protection varies by age at vaccination and the epidemiological setting.

There are also additional immunogenicity data following booster doses of TCV, and there is additional evidence on the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhi.

This document replaces the 2018 WHO position paper on typhoid vaccines and, given the new available evidence, focuses primarily on TCVs.